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John Fortescue Aland, 1st Baron Fortescue of Credan
Sir John Fortescue Aland, 1st Baron Fortescue of Credan (7 March 1670 – 19 December 1746) was an English lawyer, judge and politician. He was also a writer on English legal and constitutional history, and was said to have influenced Thomas Jefferson. A member of both the Middle Temple and Inner Temple, he became a King's Counsel in 1714 and was then appointed Solicitor General, first to the Prince of Wales (later George II) and then to his father George I in 1715. After a short stint as a Member of Parliament, Fortescue Aland was knighted and elevated to the Bench as a Baron of the Exchequer in 1717. He was subsequently a justice of the Court of King's Bench (1718–1727) and of the Court of Common Pleas (1728–1746), save for a brief hiatus between 1727 and 1728 which has been attributed to George II's displeasure with one of his legal opinions.
In 1714 Fortescue Aland produced a volume entitled ''The Difference between an Absolute and Limited Government'' based on a manuscript in the Bodleian Library by his distant ancestor Sir John Fortescue ( – c. 1480), to which he added an extended preface. It has been said that this is the earliest work in English on constitutional history. Jefferson referred to Fortescue Aland's views in the 1719 edition of this work, and in another preface by Fortescue Aland to a collection of judicial decisions which he edited, entitled ''Reports of Select Cases in All the Courts of Westminster-Hall'' (1748).
==Early life and education==
John Fortescue Aland, born on 7 March 1670, was the second son of Edmund Fortescue of Bierton, Buckinghamshire,〔, also published in .〕 and his wife Sarah Aland, the eldest daughter of Henry Aland of County Waterford, Ireland. In 1704, upon succeeding to his mother's property in Ireland upon the death of his elder brother Edmund, he took Aland as an additional surname.〔〔.〕〔There are two older alternative theories. William Tooke suggests that Fortescue Aland adopted his mother's surname in her honour (see ), while the ''Dictionary of National Biography'' (1885) states that it was Fortescue Aland's father who took his wife's surname upon their marriage (see ("DNB")).〕 It is unclear whether he was educated at home or attended a public school,〔Tooke surmises that Fortescue Aland attended the University of Oxford as later in life he was conferred an honorary Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) by the University on the strength of once having been a member of it (Tooke, pp. 173–174), but the DNB states "he was probably not educated there" (DNB, p. 216, citing ).〕 but at any rate he studied law at the Middle Temple in 1688 and was called to the Bar in 1695. He was then called to the Inner Temple in 1712, and made a bencher of that Temple in 1716.〔〔.〕〔DNB, p. 216.〕〔Tooke, pp. 173–174, states that he was a reader of the Inner Temple.〕
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